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AlphaSynapse

APCount

Exp2Syn

ExpSyn

IClamp

IntFire1

IntFire2

IntFire4

NetStim

pnt
  get_loc · get_segment · has_loc · loc

SEClamp

VClamp

# Point Processes and Artificial Cells

Description:
  Built-in POINT_PROCESS models and ARTIFICIAL_CELL models are listed on the left. The user may add other classes of those types using mod files. Some properties and functions that are available for all POINT_PROCESS models are described under General.

See also

PointProcessManager

## General

`pnt.``get_loc`()
  Syntax:
    `{ x = pnt.get_loc() stmt pop_section()}`
  Description:
    get_loc() pushes the section containing the POINT_PROCESS instance, pnt, onto the section stack (makes it the currently accessed section), and returns the position (ranging from 0 to 1) of the POINT_PROCESS instance. The section stack should be popped when the section is no longer needed. Note that the braces are necessary if the statement is typed at the top level since the section stack is automatically popped when waiting for user input.

  See also

  `pop_section()`, `get_segment()`

`pnt.``get_segment`()
  Syntax:
    `pyseg = pnt.get_segment()`
  Description:
    A more pythonic version of `get_loc()` in that it returns a python segment object without pushing the section stack. From a segment object one can get the section with `pyseg.sec` and the position with `pyseg.x`. If the point process is not located anywhere, the return value is None.

  Warning

  Segment objects become invalid if nseg changes. Discard them as soon as possible and do not keep them around.

`pnt.``loc`()
  Syntax:
    `pnt.loc(x)`
  Description:
    Moves the POINT_PROCESS instance, pnt, to the center of the segment containing x of the currently accessed section.

`pnt.``has_loc`()
  Syntax:
    `b = pnt.has_loc()`
  Description:
    Returns 1 if the POINT_PROCESS instance, pnt, is located in some section, otherwise, 0.

class `IClamp`
  Syntax:

    `stimobj = new IClamp(x)`

    `del -- ms`

    `dur -- ms`

    `amp -- nA`

    `i -- nA`

  Description:

    See $NEURONHOME/src/nrnoc/stim.mod

    Single pulse current clamp point process. This is an electrode current so positive amp depolarizes the cell. i is set to amp when t is within the closed interval del to del+dur. Time varying current stimuli can be simulated by setting del=0, dur=1e9 and playing a vector into amp with the `play()` `Vector` method.

class `AlphaSynapse`
  Syntax:

    `syn = new AlphaSynapse(x)`

    `syn.onset --- ms`

    `syn.tau --- ms`

    `syn.gmax --- umho`

    `syn.e --- mV`

    `syn.i --- nA`

  Description:

    See `$NEURONHOME/src/nrnoc/syn.mod`. The comment in this file reads:

        synaptic current with alpha function conductance defined by
                i = g * (v - e)      i(nanoamps), g(micromhos);
                where
                 g = 0 for t < onset and
                 g = gmax * (t - onset)/tau * exp(-(t - onset - tau)/tau)
                  for t > onset
        this has the property that the maximum value is gmax and occurs at
         t = delay + tau.

class `VClamp`
  Syntax:

    `obj = new VClamp(x)`

    `dur[3]`

    `amp[3]`

    `gain, rstim, tau1, tau2`

    `i`

  Description:

    Two electrode voltage clamp.

    See `$NEURONHOME/src/nrnoc/vclmp.mod`. The comment in this file reads:

    Voltage clamp with three levels. Clamp is on at time 0, and off at time dur[0]+dur[1]+dur[2]. When clamp is off the injected current is 0. Do not insert several instances of this model at the same location in order to make level changes. That is equivalent to independent clamps and they will have incompatible internal state values.

    The control amplifier has the indicated gain and time constant. The input amplifier is ideal.

                         tau2
                         gain
                        +-|\____rstim____>to cell
        -amp --'\/`-------|/
                        |
                        |----||---
                        |___    __|-----/|___from cell
                            `'`'        \|
                            tau1

    The clamp has a three states which are the voltage input of the gain amplifier, the voltage output of the gain amplfier, and the voltage output of the measuring amplifier. A good initial condition for these voltages are 0, 0, and v respectively.

    This model is quite stiff. For this reason the current is updated within the solve block before updating the state of the clamp. This gives the correct value of the current on exit from `fadvance()`. If we didn't do this and instead used the values computed in the breakpoint block, it would look like the clamp current is much larger than it actually is since it doesn't take into account the change in voltage within the timestep, ie equivalent to an almost infinite capacitance. Also, because of stiffness, do not use this model except with `secondorder`=0.

    This model makes use of implementation details of how models are interfaced to neuron. At some point I will make the translation such that these kinds of models can be handled straightforwardly.

    Note that since this is an electrode current model v refers to the internal potential which is equivalent to the membrane potential v when there is no extracellular membrane mechanism present but is v+vext when one is present. Also since i is an electrode current, positive values of i depolarize the cell. (Normally, positive membrane currents are outward and thus hyperpolarize the cell)

class `SEClamp`
  Syntax:

    `clampobj = new SEClamp(0.5)`

    `dur1 dur2 dur3 -- ms`

    `amp1 amp2 amp3 -- mV`

    `rs -- MOhm`

    `vc -- mV`

    `i -- nA`

  Description:

    Single electrode voltage clamp with three levels.

    See `$NEURONHOME/src/nrnoc/svclmp.mod`. The comment in this file reads:

    Single electrode Voltage clamp with three levels. Clamp is on at time 0, and off at time dur1+dur2+dur3. When clamp is off the injected current is 0. The clamp levels are amp1, amp2, amp3. i is the injected current, vc measures the control voltage) Do not insert several instances of this model at the same location in order to make level changes. That is equivalent to independent clamps and they will have incompatible internal state values. The electrical circuit for the clamp is exceedingly simple:

        vc ---'\/\/`--- cell
                rs

    Note that since this is an electrode current model v refers to the internal potential which is equivalent to the membrane potential v when there is no extracellular membrane mechanism present but is v+vext when one is present. Also since i is an electrode current, positive values of i depolarize the cell. (Normally, positive membrane currents are outward and thus hyperpolarize the cell)

    This model is careful to ensure the clamp current is properly computed relative to the membrane voltage on exit from fadvance and can therefore be used with time varying control potentials. Like `VClamp` it is suitable for `play()`ing a Vector into the control potential.

    The following example compares the current that results from clamping an action potential originally elicited by a current pulse.

        // setup for three simulations
        create s1, s2, s3 // will be stimulated by IClamp, SEClamp, and VClamp
        forall {insert hh diam=3 L=3 }
        objref c1, c2, c3, ap, apc
        s1 c1 = new IClamp(0.5)
        s2 c2 = new SEClamp(0.5)
        s3 c3 = new VClamp(0.5)
        {c1.dur=.1 c1.amp=0.3}
        {c2.dur1 = 1 c2.rs=0.01 }
        {c3.dur[0] = 1}

        // record an action potential
        ap = new Vector()
        ap.record(&s1.v(0.5))
        finitialize(-65)
        while(t<1) { fadvance() }

        // do the three cases while playing the recorded ap
        apc = ap.c  // unfortunately can't play into two variables so clone it.
        ap.play_remove()
        ap.play(&c2.amp1, dt)
        apc.play(&c3.amp[0], dt)
        finitialize(-65)
        while(t<0.4) {
                fadvance()
                print s1.v, s2.v, s3.v, c1.i, c2.i, c3.i
        }

class `APCount`
  Syntax:

    `apc = new APCount(x)`

    `apc.thresh --- mV`

    `apc.n`

    `apc.time --- ms`

    `apc.record(vector)`

  Description:

    Counts the number of times the voltage at its location crosses a threshold voltage in the positive direction. n contains the count and time contains the time of last crossing.

    If a Vector is attached to the apc, then it is resized to 0 when the INITIAL block is called and the times of threshold crossing are appended to the Vector. apc.record() will stop recording into the vector. The apc is not notified if the vector is freed but this can be fixed if it is convenient to add this feature.

    See `$NEURONHOME/src/nrnoc/apcount.mod`

class `ExpSyn`
  Syntax:

    `syn = new ExpSyn(x)`

    `syn.tau --- ms decay time constant`

    `syn.e -- mV reversal potential`

    `syn.i -- nA synaptic current`

  Description:

    Synapse with discontinuous change in conductance at an event followed by an exponential decay with time constant tau.

        i = G * (v - e)      i(nanoamps), g(micromhos);
          G = weight * exp(-t/tau)

    The weight is specified by the `weight` field of a `NetCon` object.

    This synapse summates.

    See `$NEURONHOME/src/nrnoc/expsyn.mod`

class `Exp2Syn`
  Syntax:

    `syn = new Exp2Syn(x)`

    `syn.tau1 --- ms rise time`

    `syn.tau2 --- ms decay time`

    `syn.e -- mV reversal potential`

    `syn.i -- nA synaptic current`

  Description:

    Two state kinetic scheme synapse described by rise time tau1, and decay time constant tau2. The normalized peak condductance is 1. Decay time MUST be greater than rise time.

    The kinetic scheme

        A    ->   G   ->   bath
           1/tau1   1/tau2

    produces a synaptic current with alpha function like conductance (if tau1/tau2 is appoximately 1) defined by

        i = G * (v - e)      i(nanoamps), g(micromhos);
          G = weight * factor * (exp(-t/tau2) - exp(-t/tau1))

    The weight is specified by the `weight` field of a `NetCon` object. The factor is defined so that the normalized peak is 1. If tau2 is close to tau1 this has the property that the maximum value is weight and occurs at t = tau1.

    Because the solution is a sum of exponentials, the coupled equations for the kinetic scheme can be solved as a pair of independent equations by the more efficient cnexp method.

    This synapse summates.

    See `$NEURONHOME/src/nrnoc/exp2syn.mod`

class `NetStim`
  Syntax:

    `s = new NetStim(x)`

    `s.interval ms (mean) time between spikes`

    `s.number (average) number of spikes`

    `s.start ms (most likely) start time of first spike`

    `s.noise ---- range 0 to 1. Fractional randomness.`

    `0 deterministic, 1 intervals have negexp distribution.`

  Description:

    Generates a train of presynaptic stimuli. Can serve as the source for a NetCon. This NetStim can also be be triggered by an input event. i.e serve as the target of a NetCon. If the stimulator is in the on=0 state and receives a positive weight event, then the stimulator changes to the on=1 state and goes through its burst sequence before changing to the on=0 state. During that time it ignores any positive weight events. If, in the on=1 state, the stimulator receives a negative weight event, the stimulator will change to the off state. In the off state, it will ignore negative weight events. A change to the on state immediately causes the first spike.

    Fractional noise, 0 <= noise <= 1, means that an interval between spikes consists of a fixed interval of duration (1 - noise)*interval plus a negexp interval of mean duration noise*interval. Note that the most likely negexp interval has duration 0.

    Since NetStim sends events, the proper idiom for specifying it as a source for a NetCon is

        objref ns, nc
        nc = new NetStim(0.5)
        ns = new NetCon(nc, target...)

    That is, do not use `&nc.y` as the source for the netcon.

    See `$NEURONHOME/src/nrnoc/netstim.mod`

  Warning

  Prior to version 5.2.1 an attempt was made to make the mean start time (noise > 0) correspond to the value of start. However since it is not possible to simulate events occurring at t < 0, these spikes were generated at t=0. Thus the mean start time was not start and the spikes at t=0 did not obey negexp statistics. For this reason, beginning with version 5.2.1 the semantics of start are the time of the most likely first spike and the mean start time is start + noise*interval.

class `IntFire1`
  Syntax:

    `c = new IntFire1(x)`

    `c.tau --- ms time constant`

    `c.refrac --- ms refractory period. Minimum time between events is refrac`

    `c.m --- state variable`

    `c.M --- analytic value of state at current time, t`

  Description:

    A point process that is equivalent to an entire integrate and fire cell.

    An output spike event is sent to all the NetCon instances which have this pointprocess instance as their source when m >= 1 If m(t0) = m0 and an input event occurs at t1 then the value of m an infinitesimal time before the t1 event is exp(-(t1 - t0)/tau). After the input event m(t1) = m(t1) + weight where weight is the weight of the NetCon event. Input events are ignored for refrac time after the spike output event.

    During the refractory period, m = 2. At the end of the refractory period, m = 0. During the refractory period, the function M() returns a value of 2 for the first 0.5 ms and -1 for the rest of the period. Otherwise it returns exp((t-t0)/tau)

    See `$NEURONHOME/src/nrnoc/intfire1.mod`

class `IntFire2`
  Syntax:

    `c = new IntFire2(x)`

    `c.taum --- ms membrane time constant`

    `c.taus -- ms synaptic current time constant`

    `c.ib -- constant current input`

    `c.m --- membrane state variable`

    `c.M --- analytic value of state at current time, t`

    `c.i --- synaptic current state variable`

    `c.I --- analytic value of synaptic current.`

  Description:

    A leaky integrator with time constant taum driven by a total current that is the sum of { a user-settable constant "bias" current } plus { a net synaptic current }. Net synaptic current decays toward 0 with time constant taus, where taus > taum (synaptic current decays slowly compared to the rate at which "membrane potential" m equilibrates). When an input event with weight w arrives, the net synaptic current changes abruptly by the amount w.

    See `$NEURONHOME/src/nrnoc/intfire2.mod`

class `IntFire4`
  Syntax:

    `c = new IntFire4(x)`

    `c.taue --- ms excitatory input time constant`

    `c.taui1 --- ms inhibitory input rise time constant`

    `c.taui2 --- ms inhibitory input fall time constant`

    `c.taum --- membrane time constant`

    `c.m --- membrane state variable`

    `c.M --- analytic value of membrane state at current time, t`

    `c.e --- excitatory current state variable`

    `c.E --- analytic value of excitation current`

    `c.i1 c.i2 -- inhibitory current state variables`

    `c.I --- analytic value of inhibitory current.`

  Description:

    The IntFire4 artificial cell treats excitatory input (positive weight) events as a sudden change in current which decays exponentially with time constant taue. Inhibitory input (negative weight) events are treated as an alpha function like change to the current. More precisely the current due to a negative weight event is the difference between two exponentials with time constants taui1 and taui2. In the limit as taui2 approaches taui1 then the current due to the event approaches the alpha function. The current due to the input events is integrated with a membrane time constant of taum. At present there is a constraint taue < taui1 < taui2 < taum but this may become relaxed to taue, taui1 < taui2, taum. When the membrane potential reaches 1, the cell fires and the membrane potential is re-initialized to 0 and starts integrating according to the analytic value of the current (which does NOT depend on firing). Excitatory events are scaled such that an isolated event of weight 1 will produce a maximum membrane potential of 1 (threshold) and an isolated inhibitory event of weight -1 will produce a minimum membrane potential of -1.

    See `$NEURONHOME/src/nrnoc/intfire4.mod`

# Mechanisms

See also

insert, Inserter, NMODL

setdata

> Syntax:
>   `sec setdata_suffix(x)`
> Description:
>   If a mechanism function is called that uses RANGE variables, then the appropriate data needed by the function must first be indicated via a setdata call. This is unnecessary if the function uses only GLOBAL variables. The suffix refers to the name of the mechanism. E.g. setdata_hh().

> Warning

> The THREADSAFE mechanism case is a bit more complicated if the mechanism anywhere assigns a value to a GLOBAL variable. When the user explicitly specifies that a mechanism is THREADSAFE, those GLOBAL variables that anywhere appear on the left hand side of an assignment statement (and there is no such assignment with the PROTECT prefix) are actually thread specific variables. Hoc access to thread specific global variables is with respect to a static instance which is shared by the first thread in which mechanism actually exists.

capacitance

> Syntax:

>   `cm (uF/cm2)`

>   `i_cap (mA/cm2)`

> Description:
>   capacitance is a mechanism that automatically is inserted into every section. cm is a range variable with a default value of 1.0. i_cap is a range variable which contains the varying membrane capacitive current during a simulation. Note that i_cap is most accurate when a variable step integration method is used.

hh

> Syntax:
>   `insert hh`
> Description:

>   See $NEURONHOME/src/nrnoc/hh.mod

>   Hodgkin-Huxley sodium, potassium, and leakage channels. Range variables specific to this model are:

>       gnabar_hh   0.120 mho/cm2   Maximum specific sodium channel conductance
>       gkbar_hh    0.036 mho/cm2   Maximum potassium channel conductance
>       gl_hh       0.0003 mho/cm2  Leakage conductance
>       el_hh       -54.3 mV        Leakage reversal potential
>       m_hh                        sodium activation state variable
>       h_hh                        sodium inactivation state variable
>       n_hh                        potassium activation state variable
>       ina_hh      mA/cm2          sodium current through the hh channels
>       ik_hh       mA/cm2          potassium current through the hh channels

>       rates_hh(v) computes the global variables [mhn]inf_hh and [mhn]tau_hh
>       from the rate functions. usetable_hh defaults to 1.

>   This model used the na and k ions to read ena, ek and write ina, ik.

pas

> Syntax:

>   `insert pas`

>   `g_pas -- mho/cm2 conductance`

>   `e_pas -- mV reversal potential`

>   `i -- mA/cm2 non-specific current`

> Description:

>   See `$NEURONHOME/src/nrnoc/passive.mod`

>   Passive membrane channel.

fastpas

> See `$NEURONHOME/src/nrnoc/passive0.c`

> Passive membrane channel. Same as the pas mechanism but hand coded to be a bit faster (avoids the wasteful numerical derivative computation of the conductance and does not save the current). Generally not worth using since passive channel computations are not usually the rate limiting step of a simulation.

extracellular

> Syntax:

>   `insert extracellular`

>   `vext[2] -- mV`

>   `i_membrane -- mA/cm2`

>   `xraxial[2] -- MOhms/cm`

>   `xg[2] -- mho/cm2`

>   `xc[2] -- uF/cm2`

>   `e_extracellular -- mV`

> Description:

>   Adds two layers of extracellular field to the section. Vext is solved simultaneously with the v. When the extracellular mechanism is present, v refers to the membrane potential and vext (i.e. vext[0]) refers to the extracellular potential just next to the membrane. Thus the internal potential is v+vext (but see BUGS).

>   This mechanism is useful for simulating the stimulation with extracellular electrodes, response in the presence of an extracellular potential boundary condition computed by some external program, leaky patch clamps, incomplete seals in the myelin sheath along with current flow in the space between the myelin and the axon. It is required when connecting `LinearMechanism` (e.g. a circuit built with the NEURON Main Menu ‣ Build ‣ Linear Circuit) to extracellular nodes.

>   i_membrane correctly does not include contributions from ELECTRODE_CURRENT point processes.

>   The figure illustrates the form the electrical equivalent circuit when this mechanism is present. Note that previous documentation was incorrect in showing that e_extracellular was in series with the `xg[nlayer-1],xc[nlayer-1]` parallel combination. In fact it has always been the case that e_extracellular was in series with xg[nlayer-1] and xc[nlayer-1] was in parallel with that series combination.

>   Note

>   The only reason the standard distribution is built with nlayer=2 is so that when only a single layer is needed (the usual case), then e_extracellular is consistent with the previous documentation with the old default nlayer=1.

>   e_extracellular is connected in series with the conductance of the last extracellular layer. With two layers the equivalent circuit looks like:

>                 Ra
>       o/`--o--'\/\/`--o--'\/\/`--o--'\/\/`--o--'\o vext + v
>            |          |          |          |
>           ---        ---        ---        ---
>          |   |      |   |      |   |      |   |
>           ---        ---        ---        ---
>            |          |          |          |
>            |          |          |          |     i_membrane
>            |  xraxial |          |          |
>        /`--o--'\/\/`--o--'\/\/`--o--'\/\/`--o--'vext
>            |          |          |          |
>           ---        ---        ---        ---     xc and xg
>          |   |      |   |      |   |      |   |    in  parallel
>           ---        ---        ---        ---
>            |          |          |          |
>            |          |          |          |
>            |xraxial[1]|          |          |
>        /`--o--'\/\/`--o--'\/\/`--o--'\/\/`--o--'vext[1]
>            |          |          |          |
>           ---        ---        ---        ---     the series xg[1], e_extracellular
>          |   |      |   |      |   |      |   |    combination is in parallel with
>          |  ---     |  ---     |  ---     |  ---   the xc[1] capacitance. This is
>          |   -      |   -      |   -      |   -    identical to a membrane with
>           ---        ---        ---        ---     cm, g_pas, e_pas
>            |          |          |          |
>       -------------------------------------------- ground

>   Extracellular potentials do a great deal of violence to one's intuition and it is important that the user carefully consider the results of simulations that use them. It is best to start out believing that there are bugs in the method and attempt to prove their existence.

>   See `$NEURONHOME/src/nrnoc/extcell.c` and `$NEURONHOME/examples/nrnoc/extcab*.hoc`.

>   NEURON can be compiled with any number of extracellular layers. See below.

> Warning

> xcaxial is also defined but is not implemented. If you need those then add them with the `LinearMechanism` .

> Prior versions of this document indicated that e_extracellular is in series with the parallel (xc,xg) pair. In fact it was in series with xg of the layer. The above equivalent circuit has been changed to reflect the truth about the implementation.

> In v4.3.1 2000/09/06 and before vext(0) and vext(1) are the voltages at the centers of the first and last segments instead of the zero area nodes.

> Now the above bug is fixed and vext(0) and vext(1) are the voltages at the zero area nodes.

> From extcell.c the comment is:

>             i_membrane = sav_g * ndlist[i]->v + sav_rhs;
>     #if 1
>             /* i_membrane is a current density (mA/cm2). However
>                it contains contributions from Non-ELECTRODE_CURRENT
>                point processes. i_membrane(0) and i_membrane(1) will
>                return the membrane current density at the points
>                0.5/nseg and 1-0.5/nseg respectively. This can cause
>                confusion if non-ELECTRODE_CURRENT point processes
>                are located at these 0-area nodes since 1) not only
>                is the true current density infinite, but 2) the
>                correct absolute current is being computed here
>                  at the x=1 point but is not available, and 3) the
>                correct absolute current at x=0 is not computed
>                if the parent is a rootnode or there is no
>                extracellular mechanism for the parent of this
>                section. Thus, if non-ELECTRODE_CURRENT point processes
>                eg synapses, are being used it is not a good idea to
>                insert them at the points x=0 or x=1
>             */
>     #else
>                i_membrane *= ndlist[i]->area;
>                /* i_membrane is nA for every segment. This is different
>                   from all other continuous mechanism currents and
>                   same as PointProcess currents since it contains
>                   non-ELECTRODE_CURRENT point processes and may
>                   be non-zero for the zero area nodes.
>                */
>     #endif

> In v4.3.1 2000/09/06 and before extracellular layers will not be connected across sections unless the parent section of the connection contains the extracellular mechanism. This is because the 0 area node of the connection is "owned" by the parent section. In particular, root nodes never contain extracellular mechanisms and thus multiple sections connected to the root node always appear to be extracellularly disconnected. This bug has been fixed. However it is still the case that vext(0) can be non-zero only if the section owning the 0 node has had the extracellular mechanism inserted. It is best to have every section in a cell contain the extracellular mechanism if any one of them does to avoid confusion with regard to (the in fact correct) boundary conditions.

> Syntax:

>   `nrn/src/nrnoc/options.h`

>   `#define EXTRACELLULAR 2 /* number of extracellular layers */`

>   `insert extracellular`

>   `vext[i] -- mV`

>   `i_membrane -- mA/cm2`

>   `xraxial[i] -- MOhms/cm`

>   `xg[i] -- mho/cm2`

>   `xc[i] -- uF/cm2`

>   `e_extracellular -- mV`

> Description:

>   If other than 2 extracellular layers is desired, you may recompile the program by changing the `nrn/src/nrnoc/options.h` line `#define EXTRACELLULAR 2` to the number of layers desired. Be sure to recompile both nrnoc and nrniv as well as any user defined .mod files that use the ELECTRODE_CURRENT statement.

>   Note that vext is a synonym in hoc for vext[0]. Since the default value for xg[i] = 1e9 all layers start out tightly connected to ground so previous single layer extracellular simulations should produce the same results if either xc or e_extracellular was 0.

>   e_extracellular is connected in series with the conductance of the last extracellular layer.

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